Sunday 29 January 2012

10th SA 2 Economics

CHAPTER – 5
CONSUMER RIGHTS
Q1. Why is there a need for rules and regulations to ensure protection for consumers?
Or
What are the various ways by which people may be exploited in the market?
Rules and regulations are required for the protection of the consumers in the market place due to various reasons.
• Individual consumers often find themselves in a weak position.
• When there is a complaint regarding a good or service that had been bought the seller tries to shift all the responsibility on to the buyer or ask the consumers to purchase from some other shops.
• Sometimes traders indulge in unfair trade practices such as when shopkeepers weigh less than what they should or when traders add charges that were not mentioned before or when adulterated /defective goods are sold.
• Producers are powerful whereas the consumers are scattered. Wealthy producers try to manipulate the market in various ways.
• The Consumers are also sold impure products or adultered goods.
Q2. What do you think should be the role of government to protect the consumers.
The government should provide education, make consumers aware of their rights and duties and keep a check on producers.
Q3. Write about the cause for the rise of consumer movements with reference to India?
• The consumer movements arose out of dissatisfaction of the consumers in the markets.
• There was no legal system available to consumers to protect them from exploitation in the marketplace.
• It was presumed that it was the responsibility of consumers to be careful while buying a commodity or service.
• In India the movement originated with the necessity of protecting and promoting the interests of consumers against unethical and unfair trade practices.
• Rampant food shortages, hoarding black marketing, adulteration of food and edible oil gave birth to the consumer movement in 1960’s.
Q4. What do you know about Consumer International?
In 1985 United Nation adopted UN Guidelines for consumer protection, This has become the foundation for consumer movement. Today Consumers International has become an umbrella body of 240 organisations from over 100 countries.
Q5. What were the outcomes of the consumer movement?
• The movement succeeded in bringing pressure on business firms as well as government to correct business conduct.
• A major step in 1986 by the Indian government was the enactment of the . popularly known as COPRA Consumer Protection Act.
Q6. How did Reji’s life was affected by the negligence of nurse and doctors?
How did his father seek justice?
Reji of class IX was admitted in a private clinic in Kerala for removal of tonsils. Due to improper anaesthesia Reji showed symptoms of some brain abnormalities and this crippled his life. His father filed a complaint in the State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission claiming compensation of RS. 5,00,000 for medical negligence and deficiency in service. His father also appealed again in the National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission located in New Delhi. The commission held the clinic responsible and directed it to pay the compensation.
This example shows that the consumers have the right to be protected against any kind of exploitation and injustice.
Q7. Explain the ‘Right to Information Act.
In October 2005 The Government of India enacted a law popularly known as Right to Information Act. It ensures the citizens about the functions of government departments.
In every product the details about the ingredients, price, batch number, date of manufacture and expiry date and the address of the manufacturer are mentioned. This is done because every consumer has the right to be informed about the particular of goods and services that they purchase. Consumers can also ask for compensation or replacement if the product proves to be defective in any manner.
If we buy a product and find it defective well within the expiry period, we can ask for a replacement. If the expiry period was not printed the manufacturer would blame the shopkeeper and will not accept the responsibility. If people sell medicines that have expired severe action can be taken against them. One can also protest and complain if some sells a good at more than the printed price on the packet. This is indicated by MRP – Maximum Retail Price.
Q8. How did RTI helped Amritha? Page 80
Amritha an engineering graduate after submitting all the certificates and attending the interviews for a job in a government department, did not receive any new of the result. She filed an application using the RTI Act and soon she got her call letter for appointment.
Q9. How can a person get justice when his or her ‘right to choice’ (Right to Choose) is denied? Explain with the example of Abirami. Page 81.
Abirami of Ansari Nagar joined a two year course at a local coaching institute for a professional course in New Delhi. She paid a fees of Rs. 61,020 for the entire course. After a year she wanted to leave the institute as she felt that the coaching is not satisfactory. But the institute refused to refund. She filed the case in District Consumer Court, the court directed the institute to refund Rs. 28000 saying that she had the right to choose. The institute again appealed in the State Consumer Commission. The state commission upheld the district court’s direction and further fined the institute Rs. 25000 for a frivolous appeal. It also directed the institute to pay Rs. 7000 as compensation and litigation court.
Q10. Write a short note on
a. Right to seek redressal: if any damage is done to a consumer, she or he has the right to get compensation depending on the degree of damage. For example Prakash had sent a money order to his village for his daughters’ marriage. The money did not reach his dauthter at the time when she needed it nor did it reach months later. Prakash filed a case in a district level consumer court in New Delhi. The court helps him to get back the money and also compensation for his loss. (Read page 82 and 83)
b. Right to represent: The consumer forum or consumer protection councils guide consumers on how to file cases in the consumer courts. They receive financial support from the government.
Under COPRA, a three tier quasi judicial machinery at the district state and national levels was set up for redressal of consumer disputes. This court is deals with cases involving claims between 20 lakhs and Rs. 1 crore. The consumer can also appeal in state and then in National level courts. This right enables us to have the right to represent in the consumer courts. Due to COPRA consumer awareness is spreading slowly all over India.
Q11. How does COPRA work?
Refer answer 10(b)
Q12. What is standardization? Which all products should have standardization?
ISI, AGMARK, or HALLMARK are some of the logs and certifications of products that help consumers get assured of quality while purchasing the goods and services. The products are monitored and certified by organizations and allowed to use the standard symbols.
It is not compulsory for all the producers to get certificate. For some products that affect the health and safety of consumers or of products of mass consumption like LPG cylinders, food colours and additives, cement, packaged drinking water, it is mandatory on the part of the producers to get certified buy these organizations.

Q13. When is National Consumers’ Day observed in India?
24th December. On this day that the Indian Parliament enacted the Consumer Protection Act in 1986. There are more than 700 consumer groups in the country. Only 20 to 25 are well organized and recognized.
Q14. When will be the consumer movements be more effective?
With active participation of the consumers. It requires a voluntary effort and struggle involving the participation of one and all.





Chapter 3 GLOBALISATION
What do you understand by globalization?
• Integration between countries through foreign trade and foreign investment by multinational companies (MNC’s).
• Integration of production and markets is a key idea behind the process of globalization.
• Globalization has been facilitated by improvement in technology, liberalization and World Trade Organisation.
• Until the 20th century production was within the country with the available raw material, food stuffs and finished products. Trade was the main channel of connecting distant countries.
• Now MNC’s (multinational companies) owns or controls production in more than one nation. Set up factories, offices – MNC’s earn greater profile.
• Goods and services are produced globally – Production is organized in increasingly complex ways.
• The production process is divided into small parts and spread out across the globe.
• Ex: China provides cheap manufacturing location. Mexico & Eastern Europe are useful for their closeness to markets.




Q2. What do you mean by investment?
Money spent for building machines and other equipment is called investment. Investment made by MNC’s is called foreign investment.
Q3. How do multinational companies carry globalization?
- MNCs Provide money for additional investments, like buying new machines for faster production.
- They bring latest technology for production.
- MNC’s buy local companies and then expand production
Ex: Cargill foods a very large American MNC bought small Indian companies like Parakh Foods – Parakh foods made a network in various parts of India. It has 4 oil refineries. Now their controls have been shifted to Cargil. Now Cargil is the largest producer of edible oil in India.
- MNC’s have large power to determine price quality, delivery and labour condition for these distant producers.
- MNCs link many small and big nations of the world in a single bond of trade and market.
Q4. What is the role of globalization in foreign trade and integration of markets?
- Globalization connects countries.
- Provides opportunities for the producers to reach beyond the domestic markets.
- For example, the toys made in China are sold in India at high price.
- In India, people have a choice between Indian and Chinese toys. Thus business expands.
- Foreign trade results in connecting the markets or integration of markets in different countries.

Q5. What are the factors affecting globalization?
- Globalization is the process of integration and inter connection between countries
Factors affecting globalization
- Technology and modern means of communication made faster deliveries of goods and services.
- Cell-phones, internets, emails, fax, satellites information technology, IT and communication also influence globalization.
- Liberation of foreign trade and foreign investments are the foremost factors.
- Removing barriers or restrictions set by the government have also liberated trade all over India.
- The liberations in trade barriers have made global trade easier.
- WTO has made trade a global one.
Q6. Write a short note on World Trade Organization. Give three effects of WTO that affect the Indian economy.
- WTO is one of the organizations to liberalize international trade.
- WTO organizes rules regarding international trade and sees that these rules are obeyed.
- 149 countries of the world are the members of WTO.
- It has forced the developing countries to remove trade barriers.
Effects of WTO
- Developed countries interfere in the management of domestic economy of our country.
- Benefits to Indian Economy are not many as compared to developed countries.
- Prices of many essential goods and life saving drugs go up.
- Export of agricultural products has gone down.
Q7. Explain the concept of liberalization with 3 features.
Liberalization means production and trade without restrictions.
Features
- Removing barriers set by government is called liberalization
- With liberalization of trade businessmen are allowed to make decisions freely about export and import.
- Barriers of foreign trade and foreign investment are also removed
Q8. How has competition benefited people in India? Explain 8 benefits
Globalization has greater competition amongst producers both local and foreign producers have been of advantage to consumers as well as producers in the following ways for consumers.
- There has been greater choice for consumers.
- They have improved quality of goods and now goods are available at lower prices.
- This has led to many employment opportunities.
- There is increased investment by foreigners in India.
- All these things have led to higher standards of living.
- Local producers who are supplying raw materials of MNC’s have prospered as their sale increased.
- Many large scale industries have also benefited because of the competition as new production.
- Cost of production has gone down remarkably.
Q9. How are small producers in India affected by rising competition from MNC’s. Explain?
Very large number of small producers and workers are being affected by the rising competition from MNC’s
- Small producers are affected because the government has removed restrictions on imports. Therefore these small producers have to compete with imported goods
- Since these MNC’s use better technology, their cost of production is quite low as a result they are able to sell all at low prices as compared to small producers can
Q10. What do you mean by Bilateral Trade Agreements?
Before trade with any country, the two countries come to some agreements unitedly. This is called Bilateral Trade Agreements. This agreement plays an important role in the trade relations between two countries.
Q11. What are the advantages of Globalisation?
Globalisation has resulted in many advantages. Increase in goods and services among the nations of the world. It has increased the foreign investments and improvement in technology and advancement. Globalisation has resulted in establishing healthy relationship among the nations.
Q12. How has competition benefited people in India? Explain eight benefits.
Globalisation has greater comptetion among both local and foreign producers. It has been of advantage to consumers as well as producers in the following ways:
• There has been greater choice for consumers. They have improved quality of goods and now goods are available at lower prices.
• This has led to manhy employment opportunities. There is increased investment by foreigners in India.
• Many large scale industries have also benefited because of the competition as new production methods and technology has been now used by them. Cost of production has gone down remarkably.
• Local producers who are supplying raw materials to MNCs have prospered as their sale increased.

Monday 9 January 2012

9th SA 2 Political science

Chapter-4
Electoral politics
(Read Page 57-60 - Assembly election in Haryana – and try to answer the following questions)
Q1 Who ruled over Haryana since 1982?
Q2 Who was Choudary Devilal and which movement did he start?
Q3 What did he promise to his people if he win the elections?
Q4 To which party did he belong?
Q5 Who got the clear majority?
Q6 Till how many years did he rule over Haryana?
Q7 What do you mean by representative elections?
Ans: In a large populated country like India people cannot directly take part in government activities. Therefore people elect some candidates who are ready to work for them. These people who contest elections and function for the people are called representatives. The elections for Prime Minister and Chief Minister are called representative elections.
Q9 What makes an election democratic?
Ans: Free and fair elections, people’s active participation in voting irrespective of caste, creed, gender or religions, right to express views, criticize the actions of the political parties make an election democratic.
Q10 Distinguish between democratic elections and non democratic elections.
Ans: Democratic elections: In democratic elections people have sole rights to vote and elect representatives of their choice. People of diverse culture participate in political activities. People enjoy secret ballot system. No one can force them to vote or choose those whom they do not want. People of all communities, linguistic groups and castes can contest elections.
Non Democratic elections: In non democratic countries people have no right to express their views or elect the candidates of their choice. In this case a single person or a group of people rule over the country and make policies. Here the common people are not consulted. There is no freedom of press and there is no question of minority’s voice in the government or contest elections. Here people are left with no choice other than to accept a dictator’s rule.
Q12 What are the ways to improve the politicians?
Ans
• To improve the politicians the knowledge and character of political leaders should be reformed.
• The political leaders can be rewarded for serving the people.
Q13 Who can reward them? How?
Ans: Only People can reward them by re-electing them.
Q14 Write a note on general elections, by-elections and mid term elections.
Ans- General elections : General elections are held after every tenure of 5 years. Elections are held in all the constituencies at the same time or either on the same day or within a few days.
By-elections : Due to vacancy caused by death or resignation of a member. Election is held for that particular constituency. This is called By-elections.
Mid Term Election. Elections for a house-i.e. Lok Sabha or Vidhan sabha are held before the completion of full term. When the whole govt. dissolves due to no confidence or the failure of its power mid term elections are held.
Q15 What are constituencies?
Ans- The areas divided for the purpose of elections are called electoral constituencies.
Q17 What is Universal Adult Franchise?
Any citizen above the age of 18 years irrespective of caste, creed, religion or sex is said to be eligible to caste his or her vote and elect the representatives. Universal adult franchise is also called as Uniersal adult suffrage.
Q18 Write about any two ills being faced by Indian Election System.
Ans- (i) Misuse of money power.
(ii) Influence of castiesm and communalism.
Page 60-61
Electoral constituencies
1) How many constituencies are there in our country?
Ans: There are 543 constituencies in our country. The representatives elected from these constituencies are called MPs and MLAs depending upon the central or state elections.
2) Why should there be equal number of people in each constituency?
Ans: Because every vote should have equal value.
3) What is an assembly constituency.?
Ans: States are divided into a specific number of constituencies. These are called assembly constituencies. Here the elected representatives are called MLA’s.
4) How are the villages and towns divided for elections?
Panchayats and towns are divided into several wards. Constituencies are count as seats.
5) Why are the district boundary and constituencies not same?
Constituencies are divided on the basis of population. Each constituency should have equal number of population where as district boundaries may not have equal population.

Page 62
1) What do you mean by reserved constituencies?
Reserved seats for SC and ST categories from where they can contest elections.
2) Why are seats reserved for some categories?
They are considered to be weaker section and may not stand a good chance to get elected to Lok Sabha and state Legislature assemblies. Some influential people may prevent them from winning elections. It may deprive their voices. Constitution has designed a special system of reservation. In a SC constituencies only someone who belongs to SC category can only stand in the elections.
3) How many seats are reserved for scheduled castes in Lok Sabha? -79
4) How many seats are reserved for scheduled tribes in Lok Sabha? -41
Note: In panchayats and urban municipalities reservations are made for OBC’s.

Voter’s list pg 63-64
Q1 Who can vote?
Ans- A citizen above 18 years old can vote.
Q2 What is electoral roll? Or Voter’s list?
Ans- List of voters prepared by the government is called electoral roll or voter’s list.
Q3 Who prepares the voters list? When?
Ans- The government prepares the voters list after every 5 years gap. A complete revision of the list takes place. It takes care of the people who move out of the place or those who are dead or deleted.
Q4 Comment on EPIC.
Ans- (i) It is the abbreviation of Election Photo Identity Card. It is given to every citizen. The voters are required to carry this card when they go out to vote.
(ii) But this voter’s Id card is not yet compulsory for voting. Voters can show many proofs like the ration card, smart card or the driving license.
Nomination of candidate pg-64
Q1 Who can be a candidate?
Anyone who can be a voter also be a candidate. Minimum age for a candidate to contest election is 25 years.
Q2 Who cannot be a candidate?
Criminals, mentally disturbed persons, foreigners cannot be candidates.
Q3 How can a person be a candidate for the election?
Ans: A person can become a candidate by filling a nomination form and give some money as security deposit to the Election Commission. Every candidate must make a legal declaration giving full details of (i) criminal cases pending (ii) details about assets and liabilities (iii) education and qualification. The collected informations are put before public by the Election Commission.
Q4 Why is education not considered necessary for the candidates?
Education is not relevant for all jobs. If education is considered, more than 90% of the population will be deprived from contesting elections. It would go against democracy. Illiterates will be deprived and no equality will be shown.
Page 66-67
Election campaign
Q1 What are the main purpose of elections?
To give a fair chance to the people to choose the representatives, government and policies.
Q2 What is the duration given for election campaigning?
2 weeks period between the announcement of the final list of the candidate and date of polling.
Q3 What is done in the election campaigning?
The political leaders contact their voters and mobilize their supporters to win votes.
Q4 What is the role of media during elections?
They publish and propagate election news. They exhibit all the election related stories and debates.
Q5 How do the political parties try to focus public attention?
They try to focus public attention on big issues. They raise slogans.
Q6 Quote some of the slogans popularized by various political parties.
1) Garibi hatao - Congress party by Indira Gandhi in 1971 election.
2) Save democracy - Janta party in 1977 election .
3) Land to the tiller - Left Front, West Bengal elections in 1977
4) Protect the self respect of the Telugu - by Andhra Pradesh assembly elections in 1983.
Q7 State some of the election laws. What will happen if someone tries to violate them?
No one can
1) Bribe or threaten voters.
2) Appeal to them in the name of caste or religion.
3) Use govt. resource for election campaign.
4) Spend more than 25 lakh in lok sabha election or rupees 10 lakh in a constituency in an assembly election. If someone tries to violate the laws his nomination will be cancelled.
Q8 What is the punishment if they try to violate the laws?
If they do so their election can be rejected by the court even after they have been elected.
Q9 State a few morel code of conduct for election campaigns.
No party or candidate can use:
1) Place of worship for election propaganda.
2) Use govt. vehicles, aircrafts and officials for elections.
3) Once elections are announced ministers shall not lay foundation stones of any big policy decisions or make any promises.

Page 67-68
Polling and counting of votes
Q1 comment on polling and counting of votes.
Or
Describe the final stage of election.
Voters caste or poll their vote on election day. People in the voters list go to polling booth (usually in a nearly school or govt. office). The voter is identified and verified and put a mark on his/her finger after casting their vote. An agent of each candidate is allowed to sit inside polling booth to ensure fair election.
The electronic voting machines are taken to the counting centres and counted before the agents of the candidates on the day of counting.

Q2 Are the election too expensive for the country?
Though expensive elections are necessary in a democracy. Democracy is the life and soul of a nation.
Q3. What is a ballot paper?
Sheet of paper on which the names of candidates along with party names and symbols as listed.
Q4 Comment on EVM.
Electronic voting machine used to record votes. It shows the name of candidates and the party symbols. Voters have to press the button against the symbol.
Q5 Who allots Party Symbols? Election Commision
Q6 How are the votes counted?
EVM are sealed and taken to a secure place.
On a fixed date all the EVMs from a constituency are opened and count before the agents of the candidates.
Page 69-71
What makes Elections in India Democratic?
Q1 What are the challenges before free and fair elections?
Or
What are the short coming/limitations of Indian election systems?
• Inclusion of false names and exclusion of genuine names in the voter’s list.
• Misuse of govt. facilities and officials by ruling party.
• Excessive use of money by rich candidates and big parties.
• Intimidation of votes and rigging on the polling day.
• People with criminal backgrounds may enter politics.
• Bigger parties may have unfair advantage over smaller parties.
• Voters vote for the candidates on the basis of caste and religion.
Page 69-70
Independent Election Commission
Q1 Who conducts free and fair elections? Election Commission
Q2 Does the election commission enjoys freedom in conducting their responsibilities?
Or
Is the election Commission dependent on the govt?
Election Commission is a very powerful and independent body. It enjoys same kind of independence as that of judiciary.
Q3 Who is the chief of the Election Commission? Chief Election Commissioner (CEC)
Q4 Who appoints the CEC? President of India
Q5 What are the powers and functions of Election Commission in India?
• The Election Commission conducts and controls elections from the announcement of election dates to the counting of votes and declaration of results.
• It implements the code of conduct and punishes the wrong doers.
• Election Commission orders and gives some guidelines to prevent misuse of governmental power.
• During elections the government. officials work under the control of the Election Commission.
Q6 What action does the Election Commission take when polling is not conducted in a fair manner?
The Election Commission orders for a repoll.
Popular participation pg 70-71
Q1 Besides election commission, which is the other way to check the quality of Election process?
People’s active participation
Q2 Explain the turn out figures.
Turn out figure indicates the percent of eligible voters who cast their vote.(over 50 years- Europe & N. American turn out decreased and Indian turn out has raised little).
Q3 What is the reason for India’s increased turn out than Western countries?
Poor & illiterate people’s participation in Elections in India has increased her turnout figure. In W. countries, poor people, Africans, Americans cast less vote . Interest of the voters is also increasing in India over the years.




CHAPTER 6
DEMOCRATIC RIGHTS
Prison in Guantanamo bay
1. Write a note on the ‘prison in Guantanamo’.
About 600 people were secretly picked up by the US forces from all over the world and put in a prison in Guantanamo Bay, an area controlled by Cuba under American Navy. These people were captured in connection with attack on New York on 11 September 2001. (Ana’s father Jamil Banna was also arrested). Their arrests were not informed to their government or their family. Their families came to know only through media. There was no trial before any magistrate in the US. Amnesty international, an international human rights organization, collected information about this and raised voice. The prisoners protested against this arrest and went for hunger strike. The UN Secretary General said the prison must be closed down. The US government refused.
2. Describe the conditions and rights enjoyed by the people of Saudi Arabia.
• Saudi Arabia is ruled by a hereditary king and people have no right to elect the king.
• The selects the executive, legislature. He appoints the judges.
• Citizens cannot form political parties. Media has no power.
• No freedom of religion enjoyed by the people.
• Non muslims can follow their religions in private and not in public.
• Strict rules and restrictions were imposed on women.
• Testimony of one man is considered equal to 2 women.
3. Describe the ethnic massacre in Kosovo.
Kosovo is a province in Yugoslavia before it split. The people were ethnic Albanian. Serbs were in majority. A Serb nationalist Milosevic (pronounced Miloshevich) won the election. He was hostile to the Kosovo Albanians.
A 74 year old Batisha Hoxha was sitting in her kitchen with her 77 year old husband, Suddenly the Serbian troops stepped in, shot her husband dead and burnt her house and made her homeless. The soldiers also snatched her finger ring. She was left with no possession except her clothes she was wearing.
4. What are rights?
Rights are claims of a person over other fellow beings, over the society and over the government. You cannot have a right to play a game in such a way that it breaks the neighbour’s window. Rights should be such that can be made available to others in an equal measure.
Rights are reasonable claims of persons recognized by society and sanctioned by law.
5. How can be the citizen’s rights be protected? (or) Who can protect the rights of the citizens?
When fellow citizens or the government do not respect these rights we call it violation or infringement of our rights. In such cases citizens can approach courts to protect their rights.
6. Why do we need rights in a democracy?
• Rights are needed for the sustenance of a democracy. In democracy every citizen has to have the right to vote and the right to be elected to government.
• In a democracy people must have right to express their opinion, form political parties and take part in political activities.
• Rights protect minorities from the oppression of majority.
7. Why are some rights placed higher than the government?
The government should protect the rights of the government. But some times the government may violate or even attack the rights of the citizens. That is why some rights need to be placed higher than the government. In most democracies the basic rights of the citizens are written down in the constitution.
8. What are fundamental rights?
Some rights are fundamental to our life and are given a special status. They are called fundamental rights. It secures all its rights to its citizens. They are an important basic feature of India’s Constitution.
9. Name all the six fundamental rights.
• Right to equality, Right to freedom, Right against exploitation, Right to freedom of religion, Cultural and educational rights and Right to Constitutional remedies.
10.What do understand by rule of law?
Rule of law is the foundation of any democracy. It means that no person is above the law. There cannot be any distinction between a political leader, government official and an ordinary citizen. No person can legally claim any special treatment or privilege just because he or she is an important person.
11.Discuss on the Right to equality.
The Constitution says all the people living in India are equal and no one can be denied of rights. It is applicable to irrespective of status, religion, caste, gender etc.. Every citizen from Prime Minister to a small farmer in remote village is subjected to the same laws. The government shall not discriminate against any citizens on grounds of religion, caste, gender etc.. The same is applicable to jobs, to seek education, opportunities etc.. Some times special treatment to some categories or minority people is necessary to bring them up. According to the constitution it is not a violation of law.
12. Discuss the Right to freedom as stated by the constitution.
Under the Constitution all citizens have the right to
• Freedom of speech and expression
• Assemble in a peaceful manner
• Form associations and unions
• Move freely throughout the country
• Reside in any part of the country and
• Practice any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business.
Freedom of speech and expression is one of the essential features of any democracy. All the citizens have the right to publicise their views through a pamphlet, magazine, speech or news paper. But no one has the right to incite people to rebel against government.
Citizens have the right to hold meetings, processions, rallies and demonstrations on any issue. As citizens we have the right to travel to any part of the country. The Constitution states that no person can be deprived of his life or personal liberty. It is really correct to say that Right to freedom is a cluster of six rights.
13. What are the rights granted to a person who is arrested or detained by the police or the government?
• A person who is arrested and detained in custody will have to be informed of the reasons for such arrest and detention.
• A person who is arrested and detained shall be produced before the nearest magistrate within a period of 24 hours of arrest.
• Such a person has the right to consult a lawyer or engage a lawyer for his defence.
14. ‘Right against exploitation is an essential right to all the citizens’. Justify.
Once rights are granted it becomes necessary to protect and prevent exploitation. It is a legal weapon to protect certain weaker sections of our society. The practice or begar or forced labour has now been made a crime and punishable by law under our constitution. Similarly our constitution forbids employing of children of below 14 years of age in dangerous jobs like factories and mines. Fundamental Rights allows the children to lead happy childhood.
15. ‘Right to constitutional Remedies is a very special right’. What is so special about this right?
‘Right to Constitutional Remidies’ is considered as a very special right because it is truly the guardian of all other Fundamental Right, our constitution gives every citizen the right to go to the Court to get his/her Fundamental Rights enforced. This right is so special because all the Fundamental Rights would be meaningful unless they are safeguarded and enforced by the courts. It is under ‘Right to Constitutional Remedies’ that a citizen can move to the Supreme Court or the high court if any of his Fundamental Right is violated or infringed upon.
16.Write a short note on the ‘Right to Freedom of Religion.
The Preamble of our Constitution declares India to be a secular state. This object is achieved by granting every citizen the ‘Right to Freedom of Religion’. Citizens are free to practice their respective religions. Thus, all religions are equal before the state and no religion is given preference over the other. No state – run institution can give religious education. However, religious communities can set up charitable institutions of their own and provide educational facilities there. But state can restrict the establishment of such institutions if it is felt that such institutions are against the interests of public order, morality and health.
17. What are writs?
Writs are the written documents orders issue by the court to defend an individual’s rights.

18. Write a note on Human Rights Commission.
Human Rights Commission is an independent body set up by law in 1993. Like Judiciary this is independent of the government. This commission was appointed by the President and includes retired judges, officers and eminent citizens. It helps the victims to secure their human rights. It also includes the rights mentioned in the UN sponsored international treaties that India has signed. It cannot punish the guilt but it is done by the court. Like any court it can summon witness, question any government official, demand any official paper, visit any person for inspection or send its own team for on the spot inquiry.
19. Where could an Indian citizen write a letter to the Human Rights Commission in India?
Any citizen of India can write a letter to National Human Rights Commission, Faridkot House, Copernicus Marg, New Delhi 110 001. There is no fee or any formal procedure to approach the NHRC
Like NHRC, there are State Human Rights Commissions in 14 states of the country.
20. Discuss on the expanding scope of rights in India.
The Constitution provides many more rights like the right to seek information from the citizens, right to food etc. Right to property is not a fundamental right but a constitutional right. From time time the courts have expanded the scope of rights. Certain rights like freedom of press , right to information, and right to education are derived from fundamental rights.
21. Mention some of the new rights guaranteed by the African government to its citizen s.
The African Constitution guarantees the following rights to its citizens.
• Right to privacy, so that citizens or their home cannot be searched their pho0nes cannot be tapped, their communication cannot be opened.
• Right to an environment that is not harmful to their health or well being.
• Right to have access to adequate housing.
• Right to have access to health care services, sufficient food and water; no one may be refused emergency medical treatment.




Chapter – 5
WORKING OF INSTITUTIONS
Introduction: How is a major policy decision taken?
A government order:
1. What is a government order?
An order issued by the government on various policies for the well being and development of the people. It has a number and signed by important persons like The Secretary, Department of Personnel and Training in the Ministry etc..

2. What was the Government Order of August 13, 1990 about?
The Government Order announced a major policy decision. It said that 27 % of the vacancies in civil posts and services under the Government of India are reserved for the Socially and Educationally Backward classes(SEBC).

The decision makers
1.Explain the Mandal Commission recommendation.
The Second Backward Classes Commission was headed by B.P.Mandal, hence the commission came to be called as Mandal Commission. It gave its report on 1980 and made a recommendation to reserve 27% of government jobs to backward class people. In 1990 V.P.Singh, the leader of Janta Dal, when became the Prime Minister of India implemented the Mandal Commission.
For the next few months this was the most hotly debated issue in the country
There were wide spread protest. Some felt this would cause inequality in opportunities among the people. Some persons and oppositions filed a number of cases against this. The case was Indira Sawhney and others Vs Union of India case’. Finally the Supreme Court Ordered that well to do families of OBC community should be excluded from the benefit of reservation. Another Office Memorandum was issued by the Department of Personnel and Training on Sep. 8, 1993. Thus the dispute came to an end.

Need for Political Institutions
1.Why do we need political institutions? Explain some political institutions with examples.
Policy making and implementing them for the people on various issues is not an easy task. It involves number of people and several departments. Governing a country involves a number of activities. The government formulates and implements several welfare schemes. Some persons have to take decisions on how to go about these activities. Others have to implement these decisions. If disputes arise there should be someone to resolve and find solutions to it.
Some well know political institutions are:
• The Prime Minister and the Cabinet - takes all important policy decisions
• The Civil Servants – implement the minister’s decisions.
• Supreme Court - resolves disputes between the citizens and the government.

Parliament
1. What is the role of Parliament in policy making ? Discuss with the example of Mandal commission.
Parliament plays an essential role in policy making. As in case of Mandal Commission –
• The report of the Mandal Commission was discussed in the Parliament.
• The President of India mentioned this in his speech in the Parliament



• The Prime Minister informed about this decision through a statement in both the houses.
• Then the decision is sent to the Department of Personnel and Training.
From this example we come to a conclusion that any policy made for the people first appears in the Parliament.

2. Why do we need a Parliament?
• Parliament is the final authority for making laws in any country. It can make, change, or abolish laws.
• It controls those who run the government and thus prevent maladministration.
• It controls all the money that governments have. Public money can be spent only when the Parliament sanctions it.
• Parliament is the highest forum of discussion and debate on public issues and national policy in any country.

3. What are the two houses of the Parliament? Why does all the bills finally reach the President for his consent?
The Parliament is divided into two parts. (i) Rajya Sabha – the Upper House and (ii) Lok Sabha – Lower House. They are called the Chambers or the Houses.
The first house is indirectly elected by the people while the second house is the most powerful house of the Parliament as it is directly elected by the people. It exercise the real power on behalf of the people.
The President is an integral part of the Parliament but he is not a member of it. That is why all the ws made into force when the President signs the bill.

4. What are the powers and functions of Lok Sabha? (Or) Which or the two houses is the most powerful? Explain. (Or) In what way Lok Sabha is more powerful than Rajya Sabha
Lok Sabha exercise the supreme power.
• Any ordinary law need to be passed by both the houses. In case of difference in decisions both the houses sit together and make laws.
• Lok Sabha has more number of members.Therefore it has more power and its views have high values.
• Lok Sabha exercises more power in money matters. Once Lok Sabha passes any budeget or any money related bill the Rajya Sabha cannot reject.
• The Rajya Sabha can only delay it by 14 days or suggest changes in it. The Lok Sabha may or may not accept these changes.
• The Lok Sabha controls the Council of Ministers. All the decisions are taken with the majority. If the majority of the Lok Sabha have no confidence in the Council of Ministers, all ministers including the Prime Minister, have to quit.

5. Discuss the Legislative, Executive and Judiciary functions of the Parliament.
The Parliament exercises various functions like (i) Legislative Powers
(ii) Control over the Executive (iii) Judicial power (iv) Electoral functions (v) Financial functions.
Legislative powers
• The Parliament can make laws on the subjects mentioned in the Union List, Concurrent List and Residuary subjects.
• At the time of emergency it can make laws on state list subject also.
• The Parliament can also make amendment in the Constitution.
Control over Executive
• The Parliament controls the executives. The Parliament can also have control over the Cabinet and Prime Minister by vote of No-confidence against them.


Judiciary powers
• It can remove the President, judges of supreme court, High court, Election commissioner form their office through impeachment for any serious violation.
The electoral functions
• The parliament elects the President, Vice President, Speaker and Deputy speaker.
Financial powers
• The annual budget of income and expenditure are made with the approval of the Parliament.
• The salaries and allowances of the executives are fixed by the Parliament.
• The supplementary budget is also passed by it.

Political and permanent executive

1. Discuss the powers and functions of the President.
In India the President is the Constitutional head of the nation. He is vested with many powers.
The executive power
• The President appoints the Prime Minister, Governor of the state, Chief Commissioner, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and High Court and Attorney General of India
• He appoints the chairmen of the Union Public Service Commission, Chairmen of the Planning Commission and the Chairmen of the Economic Commission with key members.
Legislative power
• He addresses the joint session of the two houses.
• He can summon, prorogue and dissolve the Parliament.
• No bill passed by the Parliament can take the shape of law without his signatures.
• He can issue ordinance when the Parliament is not in session.
• He appoints 12 members for Rajya Sabha and 2 members in Lok Sabha.
Financial Powers
• The annual budget and money bills are passed in lok sabha only with the assent of President.
• He appoints the Financial Commission.
The Judicial Powers
• He appoints the judges of the Supreme and High courts.
• He is not answerable before any court of law. No criminal suit can be charged against him.
• He has the power to pardon, remit or suspend a sentence of punishment on appeal. He can change even death sentence to imprisonment for life.
Emergency power
• According to Article 352 President can declare National Emergency in wars and foreign attacks.
• Under Article 360 emergency can be declared if there is financial instability.
• Under Article 365, President can take over the administration if there is a failure constitutional machinery.









2. Discuss the powers and functions of the Prime Minister.
The Prime Minister is the real executive of India. He is the head of the governing machinery of the state. He exercises the following powers.
• He appoints the Cabinet Ministers and allocates work among them.
• He supervises the work of Council of Ministers (60 to 80 members) and distributes the portfolios to them.
• He is leader of the Lok Sabha and the Prime spokesmen of the government.
• He presides the meetings of the Council of Ministers.
• He can ask the Minister of different opinion to quit office.
• He advices the President in matters of appointment of various heads and policy affairs.
• He controls the foreign policy of the nation through Foreign Ministry but he is the real creator of foreign policy.

3. Discuss on the various ranks of ministers in the councils.
CABINET MINISTERS: They are the top level leaders of the ruling party. It is the inner ring of the Council of Ministers. It comprises of 20 ministers who are close to the Prime minister.
MINISTERS OF STATE WITH INDEPENDENT CHARGE:
They are smaller ministers. They participate in the Cabinet meetings only when specially invited.
MINISTERS OF STATE
They are attached to and required to assist Cabinet Ministers.

The Judiciary
1. Why do we need to have a Judiciary?
The judiciary is the guardian of the rights of the people. Therefore Judiciary is essential in a democracy. Any one can approach the courts if public interest and human rights are violated by the government. This is called public interest litigation.

2. Write four functions of supreme court.
• Supreme court has duty to advise on a point of law or Constitution in case President refers a matter to the court.
• It is the guardian of Fundamental Rights.
• It can interpret the Constitution and can review laws passed by the Legislature.
• It acts as Court of Record. All the decision of Supreme Court are duly printed and kept as record.

9th SA 2 Economics

CHAPTER 4
FOOD SECURITY IN INDIA
Q1. What is food security?
Food is essential for living as air is for breathing. But food security means something more than getting two square meals. Food security has the following dimensions
 Availability of food means food production within the country, food imports and the previous year’s stock stored in government granaries.
Accessibility means food is within reach of every person.
 Affordability implies that an individual has enough money to buy sufficient safe and nutritious food to meet one’s needs.
 Thus, food security is ensured in a country only if (1) Enough food is available for all persons.
 All persons have the capacity to buy food of acceptable quality.
 There is no barrier on access to food.
Q2. Why is Buffer Stock created by the government?
Buffer Stock is the stock of food grains, namely wheat and rice procured by our government through Food Corporation of India (FCI). FCI purchases wheat and rice from the farmers in states where there is surplus productions. The farmers are paid a pre-announced price for their shops. This price is called minimum support price. The MSP is declared by the government every year before the sowing season to provide currencies to the farmers for raising the production of these crops.
Q3. A section of people in India are still without food. Explain. Or Who are food insecure?
A large section of people suffer from food and nutrition insecurity in India, the worst affected groups are landless people with little or no land to depend upon, traditional artisans, providers of traditional services, petty self-employed workers and destitutes including beggars. On the urban areas casual labourers and ill paid workers are the worst affected.
Q4. Do you believe that green revolution has made India self-sufficient in food grains?
India believes in self sufficiency in food grains. India has made several policies and programmes to achieve food security.
It has adopted a new strategy in agriculture, which resulted in the ‘Green Revolution’ especially in the production in wheat and rice.
Co-operative societies are set up to provide goods at cheaper rates. 94% of co-operatives are found in Tamil Nadu.
• Maharashtra Academy of Development Science (ADS) has facilitated a network of NGOs for setting up grain banks in different regions. ADS organizes training and capacity building programes on food security for NGOs
• Delhi, mother Dairy in making strider in provision on milk and vegetables to the consumer at controlled rate decided by Government of Delhi. Anand is another example of co-operative in Gujarat.
Q5. Describe the famine of Bengal in 1943.
The Bengal famine was the most devastating that occurred in 1943. This famine killed 30 lakh people. Some people say that Bengal famine occurred due to shortage of rice.
Q6. Name a few other areas which are often affected by famine in Inda.
Places like Kalahandi, and Kashipur in Orissa where famines occur frequently.

[ ‘Story of Ramu and Story of Ahmad’ - read the text book from page 44 and 45 respectively ]

Q7. Name a few states is largely affected by food insecurity.
The states of Uttar pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, West Bengal, Chattisgarh, parts of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra account for largest number of food insecure people in the country.
Q8. What are the aspects of food insecurity?
Poverty, calamities, socially and economic backward conditions, chronic hunger and seasonal hunger are some of the aspects of food insecurity.
Q9. Define chronic hunger and seasonal hunger.
Chronic hunger: Chronic hunger is a condition occurs due to inadequate diet in terms of quantity and quality. Poor people suffer from chronic hunger because of their very low income and in turn inability to buy food even for survival.
Seasonal hunger: It is related to seasonal employment in agriculture. In the off seasons the farmer’s family starve out of hunger.
Q10. What is the Public Distribution system?
The food procured by the FCI is distributed by government through ration shops among the poorer section of the society. This is called public distribution system (PDS). They are found in most cities, town and villages. The ration shop is also known as Fair price shops.
Any family with ration card can buy a specific amount of kerosene, food grains sugar etc.. at fair price. In 1992, Revamped public distribution System (RPDS)ntroduced in 1,700 blocks in the country. In 1997, Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS)
Q11. Name the three kinds of ration cards.
a. Antyodaya cards for the poorest of the poor
b. BPL cards for those below poverty line
c. APL cards for all others.
Q12. Write on the introduction of Rationing in India.
Rationing in India dates back the 1940s against the Bengal famine. It was revived in 1960.
Q!3. What are the three important food intervention programmes introduce by the government?
• Public Distribution system (PDS) for food grains
• Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS)
• Food for work (FFW)
Q!4. Expand PAP.
Poverty Alleviation Programmes
Q15. Explain any 2 PAP programmes launched by the government which ensures food security.
National Food for work programme
This programme was launched on November 14, 2004 in 150 most backward districts. The main objective was to generate supplement wage employment. Food grains are provided to the states free of cost. The collector is the nodal officer at the district level.
Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY)
AAY was launched in Dec. 2000. Under the scheme two crore poor families were targeted under the scheme. All the families belong to Below Poverty Line (BPL) were to be identified.
Under this scheme 25 kilograms of foodgrains were made available to each eligible family at a rate of 2 rupees per Kg for wheat and 3 rupees per kg rice. It further expanded twice by additional 5o lakh BPL families in June 2003
Q16. Write short note on
• Minimum support price: The farmers are paid a pre- announced price for their crops. This price is called minimum support price.
• Issue Price: Food –grain distributed in the deficit areas and among the poor lower than market price.
• Fair price shops:These are the ration shops found in villages, towns and cities. There are about 4 to 6 lakh ration shops all over the country.
Q17. Write a note on the role of cooperatives in providing food and related
items.
• The co-operatives play an important role in food security in India. There are 94% co-operatives run by Tamil Nadu government.
• Delhi, Mother Dairy is making provision of milk and vegetables to the consumer at controlled rate decided by the government.
• Anand is another successful cooperative in Gujarat.
• Maharashtra Academy of Development Science (ADS) has facilitated a network of NGOs for setting up grain banks in different regions. ADS organizes training and capacity building programmes on food security for NGOs.
Q18. What are the problems in running the ration shops?
• PDS dealers sometime involve in malpractices like diverting the grain to open market to get profit and keep poor quality grains left.
• Unsold poor quality grains are piled up with the FCI.
• Earlier every poor and non poor had a ration card with a fixed quota of items such as food grains, sugar etc..,
• But now with TPDS of three different prices, any family about the poverty line gets very little discount at the ration shops.

9th SA 2 Geography

CHAPTER – 5
NATURAL VEGETATION AND WILD LIFE
Q1. How can you say that India is one of the 12 mega biodiversity countries of the world?
• India occupies 10th place in the world and 4th in Asia in plant diversity with about 47000 plant species.
• There are about 15000 flowering plant in India i.e. 6 % in the world.
• India also has 89000 species of animals as well as a rich variety of fish.

Q2. What do you mean by virgin vegetation?
• Natural vegetation refers to a plant community which has grown naturally without human aid and has been left undisturbed by humans.

Q3. What are endemic and exotic plants?
• The virgin vegetation which are purely Indian are known as endemic or indigenous.
• Those species which have come from outside India are called exotic plants.

Q4. Name the factors that affect the flora and fauna.
Relief – land, soil.
Climate – temperature, photoperiod (sunlight), precipitation

Q5. How does land affect the natural vegetation?
• Land affects the natural vegetation directly and indirectly
• The nature of land influences the type of vegetation.
• The fertile land is used for agriculture.
• The rough terrain are areas where grasslands and woodlands develop.

Q6. “Different types of soils provide basis for different types of vegetation”. Explain.
• Different places have different soils which supports different types of vegetation.
• The sandy soil support cactus and thorny bushes while wet marshy deltaic soils support mangroves.
• The hill slopes have conical trees.

Q7. How does sunlight help in the growth of trees?
• The variation in duration of sunlight affects the growth of trees.
• The areas which receives sunlight for a longer period of time helps the trees to grow faster.
• The trees also grow faster in summer as duration of sunlight is for a longer period.

Q8. Why have the western slopes of the Western Ghats covered with thick forests and not the eastern slopes? In India almost the entire rainfall is brought by the advancing south west monsoons and retreating north east monsoons.
• Thus the areas of heavy rainfall that is the western slopes of the Western Ghats have more dense vegetation as compared to the eastern slopes.

Q9. Why forests are important for human beings?
• Forests are renewable resources and helps in enhancing the quality of environment.
• They modify local climate, control soil erosion, regulate stream flow, support a variety of industries and provide livelihood for many communities.
• It controls wind force and temperature and cause rainfall.
• It provides humus to the soil and shelter to the wild life.

Q10. Why has India’s natural vegetation undergone many changes?
• Growing demand for cultivated land.
• Development of industries.
• Mining, urbanization and overgrazing.

Q11. How has the greed of human beings led to over utilization of resources?
• The greed of human beings lead to over utilization of resources.
• They cut the trees and kill the animals creating ecological imbalance.
• As a result some of the plants and animals have reached the level of extinction.

Q12. Explain the major types of vegetation found in India.
The major types of vegetation found in India are:
a. Tropical rain forest
• They are found in areas receiving heavy rainfall like the western ghats, island groups of Lakshwadeep, Andaman and Nicobar, upper parts of Assam and Tamil Nadu coast.
• The trees up to a height of 60 meters and include trees shrubs and creepers.
• There is no definite time for trees to shed their leaves.
• Important trees are ebony, mahagony, rosewood, rubber and cinchona.
• Common animals are monkey, elephants, deer etc..
b. Tropical deciduous forest
• They are also called monsoon forest and spread over region receiving rainfall between 200 cm and 70 cm.
• The trees shed their leaves for about 6 to 8 weeks in dry summer.
• These forests are divided moist and dry deciduous.
• Moist deciduous are found in foothills of Himalayas, Jharkhand, West Orissa and Chattisgarh.
• Important trees are teak, bamboo, sal, sesame.
• Dry deciduous are found in rainier parts of peninsular plateau, plains of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.
• Important trees are teak, sal, peepal.
• Important animals are lion, tiger, pig, deer and elephant.

c. Thorn forest and scrub
• Found in areas with less than 70 cm of rainfall.
• It includes thorny bushes and are found in semi arid areas of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana.
• Important trees, acacias, palm, euphorbias and cacti.
• Trees have long penetrating roots that helps to get moisture leaves are thick and small to minimize evaporation.
• Common animals are rats, rabbits, fox, camel.
d. Montane forest
• The natural vegetation in mountainous areas changes according to the decrease in temperature.
• The wet temperate type of forest are found between the height of 1000 and 2000 meters trees like oak and chestnuts
• Between 1500 and 3000 meters temperate forests are found containing trees like pine Deodar, Silver fir, spruce and cedar.
• At high altitude temperate grasslands are common and above 3600 mtrs are the alpine vegetation.
• The vegetation gets stunted as they reach the snowline.
• Common animals – Kashmir stag, spotted deer, wild sheep, yak etc..
e. Mangrove
• They are formed due to mud and silt accumulated on coastal areas.
• Dense mangroves are the common varieties with roots of plants submerged under water.
• Areas – The deltas of Ganga, Mahanadi, Krishna, Godavari and Kaveri.
• Trees – Sundari trees (Ganga –Brahmaputra delta), palm, coconut
• Animals – Royal Bengal tiger, turtles, crocodile, snakes.


Q13. Name a few medicinal plants found in India and also mention their uses.
• Sarpagandha – To treat blood pressure (found only in India)
• Jamun - To control diabetes
• Arjun - Ear ache, also to regulate blood pressure.
• Babul - leaves used for eye sores, gum is used as a tonic.
• Neem - has high antibiotic and antibacterial properties.
• Tulsi - To cure cough and cold.
• Kachnar - Used to cure asthma and ulcers.

Q14. Name a few important animal species found in India along their habitats.
• Elephants – Assam, Karnataka and Kerala.
• One horned Rhino – Swampy areas of Assam and West Bengal
• Wild Ass - Rann of Kachchh
• Camel - Thar desert
• Lion - Gir forest of Gujarat
• Tiger - Madhya Pradesh, Sundarbans and Himalayan regions.
• Yak - Ladhak
Q15. Mention the steps taken by the government of India to protect the flora and fauna.
• 14 biosphere reserves have been set up to protect flora and fauna. Example – Sundarbans, Simlipal, Gulf of Mannar, Dihang – Dibang, Nilgiris, Dibru Saikhowa, Nanda Devi, Nokrek, Great Nicobar, Manas, Pachmari, Kanchenjunga, Agasthyamunimalai, Amarkantak
• Financial and technical help provided too many botanical gardens.
• Eco - development projects like project tiger, project rhino, project great Indian Bustard have been introduced.
• 89 national parks, 49 wildlife sanctuaries and zoological gardens have been set up.
Q 16. What are migratory birds?
• Some of the wetlands of India are popular with migratory birds.
• During winters birds like Siberian crane come to Rann of Kachchh, the desert are house for flamingoes.
• These birds migrate from far off places in search of food and shelter.







CHAPTER – 6
POPULATION
Q1. Define census.
A census is an official enumeration of population done periodically. In India the first census held in the year 1872. The first complete census however was taken in 1881. Census is held every 10th year..
Q2. Why do we need census?
We need census to the know the following:
• Population size and distribution – How many people are there and where are they located.
• Population growth and processes of population change – How has the population grown and changed through time.
• Characteristics or qualities of the population – What are their age, sex composition, literacy level, occupational structure and health conditions.
Q3. Explain India’s population size and distribution.
• Population as on march 2001 – 1028 million
• Accounts for 16.7 percent of world’s population.
• Uttarpradesh -166 million people - The most populous state
• Sikkim - 0.5 million
• Lakshwadeep – 6000 people
Q4. “ The density of population of India is unequal”. Justify with examples.
• Population density refers to number of persons per unit area i.e. number of people
Km. per sq.
• India is one of the most densely populated countries of the world.
• The population density of India in 2001 was 324 persons per sq. km.
• West Bengal has 904 persons per sq. km while Arunachal Pradesh has only 13 persons per sq. km.
FACTORS AFFECTING POPULATION DENSITY
(1) Rugged terrain and unfavourable climatic conditions are responsible for sparse population.
(2) Assam and most of the peninsular state have moderate density.
(3) Hilly, dissected and rocky terrain, moderate to low rainfall, less fertile soil have influenced population densities in these areas.
(4) The northern plains and Kerala have very high population density because of flat plains with fertile soil and abundant rainfall.
Q5. What are three processes that have resulted in the change in population.
The three process are birth rate death rate and migration.
Q6. What do you mean by population growth?
• Growth of population means change in the number of inhabitants of a country during a specific period of time i.e. last 10 years.
• It can be expressed in two ways – absolute numbers and in terms of percentage change per year.
Q7. Explain absolute number and percentage change.
• Absolute number is obtained by simply subtracting the earlier population from the later population that is subtracting the population of 1991 from 2001. It is also called as absolute increase.
• Rate of population increase is studied in percent per annum. Example: a rate of increase of 2 percent per annum means that there was an increase of 2 persons for every 100 persons in the base population. This is also called as annual growth rate.
Q8. Explain the main process of population change.
• Birth rate: The number of live births per thousand persons in a year. Birth rates in India has always been higher than death rate.
• Death rate: Number of deaths per thousand persons in a year. Main cause of growth of population has been the rapid decline in death rates. This is due to higher literacy rate and better medical facilities.
• Migration: (i) Movement of people across regions and territories. It can be internal within the country or international (between the countries)
(ii) Internal migration does not change the size of population but influences the distribution of population within the country. In India most migrations are from rural to urban because of the push factor in rural areas. Moreover conditions of poverty and unemployment in the rural areas and the pull of the society due to employment opportunities and better living conditions.
Q9. Explain dependent population and working populations. (productive population)
• The part of population which is not engaged in any productive activity and is dependent on the working population is called the dependent population. This includes children below 15 i.e. age group – 0 to 14 and above 60 years. They comprise 41.3 percent of the total population which is quite high.
• The population which is engaged in productive activities for earning is called the productive or working population. These people are of the age group 15 – 59. Percentage of working population is 59.7.
Q10. Define sex ratio.
• It is defined as number of females per thousand males.
• India has an unfavourable sex ratio. 2001 - 933 female per thousand male.
• Kerala has a sex ratio of 1058 females, Pondicherry – 1001 females, Delhi – 821 females, Haryana – 861.
Q11. Define literacy rate.
• A person aged 7 years and above who can read and write with understanding in any language is treated as literate.
• The literacy in India as per 2001 is 64.84 %. 75.26% for males and 53.67% for female.
Q12. How does rise in female literacy help in planning a family?
• Growth rate of population in India is about 1.97 per annum. It has increased because the death rate has fallen and there is not much fall in the birth rate.
• The use of modern science and technology has helped in bringing down the death rate, the same can help us to bring down the birth rate also.
• So women must be educated so that they may limit the size of family through different means available. Educated women can easily adopt the family planning programmes.
• Education helps to increase the age of marriage.
Q13. Explain the occupational structure of India.
• The percentage of population i.e. economically productive is an important index of development.
• Distribution of population according to type of work is called occupational structure. It can be categorized primary, secondary and tertiary.
• Primary activities include agriculture, animal husbandry, fishing, mining etc..
• Secondary activities include manufacturing industries, building and construction work.
• Tertiary activities include transport, communication, commerce etc..
Q14. “The proportion of people working in different activities varies in developed and developing countries”. Explain.
• Developed countries have a high proportion of people in secondary and tertiary activities.
• Developing countries have a higher proportion of their workforce engaged in primary activities.
• In India 64% of the population is engaged in agriculture. The proportion of population dependent on secondary activities is 13 and tertiary sector it is 20%.
• Occupational shift has taken place is in favour of secondary and tertiary sectors because of growing industrialization and urbanization.
Q15. Explain the concept of optimum population.
• It is the size of population which produces the maximum number of goods and services which the help of available resources in that country.
• The production improves with the increase in population but after that the production of goods and services would decline because of the non availability of resources.
Q16. How does health affects the process of development?
• Health is an important component for the process of development.
• Healthy population can work in a better way.
• The government of India has undertaken several programmes to improve the health conditions of the people.
• Death rates have declined from 25 per thousand in 1951 to 8.1 per thousand in 2001.
• Life expectancy at birth has increased from 36.7 years in 1951 to 64.6 years 2001.
• This improvement is the result of many factors like improvement in public health, prevention of infectious diseases and use of modern medical facilities.
• Yet the health situation in India is a matter of concern. The per capita calorie consumption is very less and a large percent of population suffers from malnutrition.
• Safe drinking water and basic sanitation facilities are available to only one third of the rural population.

Q17. Write short notes on adolescent population and national population policy.
Adolescent population : It constitutes one fifth of the total population of India. They are generally grouped in age group of 10 to 19 years. They are most important resources for future. Nutrition requirement of adolescent are higher than that of child or adult. A large number of adolescent girls suffer from anemia. Their awareness can be improved through the spread of literacy and education.
National population policy: (NPP – 2000) The object is to promote development of the country and improve the quality of life for people. We have achieved then success in reducing the death rates. Family planning and birth control measures were the focus of attention of this policy. It lays emphasis on economic growth, social development, and environment protection. The policy states that it will achieve this goal by raising the age of marriage, making school education compulsory up to age of 14 years and reducing drop outs of primary and secondary level.
NPP- 2000 and Adolescents:
• Besides nutritional requirement, the policy emphasis on other important needs of adolescents in including protection from unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases.
• It also aims towards encouraging delayed marriage and child bearing, and education of adolescents and strength and strengthening legal measures to prevent child marriage.